Treated Sapphire Inclusions
Explore treated sapphire inclusions in Hyperion, the Lotus Gemology inclusion database. Hyperion contains photomicrographs of inclusions and internal features in natural sapphires that have undergone treatment, documented with information on geographic origin, treatment, lighting conditions, field of view, photographer and published references.
The Blue Man. Internal diffusion creates a fanciful pattern within this heat-treated sapphire from the Isle of Gems.
Natural Sapphire •
Sri Lanka (Ceylon) •
Enhancements:
Heat (H) •
Lighting Conditions:
Fiber Optic: Oblique
Photographer:
Richard W. Hughes •
Image Number:
A-001-1888-1
Koivula, J.I. (1987) Internal diffusion. Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 20, No. 7/8, pp. 474–477; RWHL*.
A classic example of a heat-altered fingerprint. One can clearly see that each of the negative crystal channels has burst from the heat treatment.
Natural Sapphire •
Sri Lanka (Ceylon) •
Enhancements:
Heat (H) •
Lighting Conditions:
Fiber Optic: Oblique
Photographer:
E. Billie Hughes •
Image Number:
A-001-1910-2
A classic example of a heat-altered fingerprint. One can clearly see that each of the negative crystal channels has burst from the heat treatment.
Natural Sapphire •
Sri Lanka (Ceylon) •
Enhancements:
Heat (H) •
Lighting Conditions:
Fiber Optic: Transmitted
Photographer:
E. Billie Hughes •
Image Number:
A-001-1910-1
Irregular inclusions of unknown nature lying in the basal plane are seen in reflected light within this heat-treated Sri Lanka sapphire. These have sometimes been associated with beryllium diffusion, but are not diagnostic for it.
Natural Sapphire •
Sri Lanka (Ceylon) •
Enhancements:
Heat (H) •
Lighting Conditions:
Fiber Optic: Diffuse Overhead
Photographer:
Richard W. Hughes •
Image Number:
P-10129-1
http://www.ruby-sapphire.com/beryllium-treated-blue-sapphire.htm
Internal diffusion is visible in this heat-treated blue sapphire from Sri Lanka.
Natural Sapphire •
Sri Lanka (Ceylon) •
Enhancements:
Heat (H) •
Lighting Conditions:
Fiber Optic: Oblique
Photographer:
Richard W. Hughes •
Image Number:
A-001-1469-1
Koivula, J.I. (1987) Internal diffusion. Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 20, No. 7/8, pp. 474–477; RWHL*.
Sharp angular growth zoning in a heat-treated yellow sapphire from Sri Lanka.
Natural Sapphire •
Sri Lanka (Ceylon) •
Enhancements:
Heat (H) •
Lighting Conditions:
Shadowing
Photographer:
Richard W. Hughes •
Image Number:
A-001-1407-1
When Sri Lankan yellow sapphires with exsolved particles are heat treated, magnesium exits the particles and creates yellow-producing trapped-hole color centers. The result is color concentration around the particles, a process termed “internal diffusion” by gemologist, John Koivula.
Natural Sapphire •
Sri Lanka (Ceylon) •
Enhancements:
Heat (H) •
Lighting Conditions:
Fiber Optic: Oblique
Photographer:
Richard W. Hughes •
Image Number:
A-001-1406-2
Koivula, J.I. (1987) Internal diffusion. Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 20, No. 7/8, pp. 474–477; RWHL*.
When Sri Lankan yellow sapphires with exsolved particles are heat treated, magnesium exits the particles and creates yellow-producing trapped-hole color centers. The result is color concentration around the particles, a process termed “internal diffusion” by gemologist, John Koivula.
Natural Sapphire •
Sri Lanka (Ceylon) •
Enhancements:
Heat (H) •
Lighting Conditions:
Diffuse Light Field (Transmitted Light)
Photographer:
Richard W. Hughes •
Image Number:
A-001-1406-1
Koivula, J.I. (1987) Internal diffusion. Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 20, No. 7/8, pp. 474–477; RWHL*.
Crossing twin planes in a sapphire from a basaltic source. These are secondary glide twins, created by pressure after the stone grew, and form parallel to the rhombohedron faces, intersecting at 86.1 and 93.9°.
Natural Sapphire •
Not Determinable •
Enhancements:
Heat (H) •
Lighting Conditions:
Diffuse Light Field (Transmitted Light)
Photographer:
Richard W. Hughes •
Image Number:
A-001-1099-1
Hughes, R.W. (1997) Ruby & Sapphire. Boulder, CO, RWH Publishing, 512 pp.; RWHL*.
Low iron rubies (and pink and padparadscha sapphires) from localities like Mogok, Mong Hsu (Myanmar) and Sri Lanka will often display chalky zones in short wave ultraviolet after heat treatment. Here we see an excellent example in a heat-treated padparadscha sapphire from Sri Lanka. This fluorescence is positive proof of heat treatment.
Natural Padparadscha Sapphire •
Sri Lanka (Ceylon) •
Enhancements:
Heat (H) •
Lighting Conditions:
Ultraviolet: Shortwave
Photographer:
E. Billie Hughes •
Image Number:
A-001-1161-1
A brilliantly iridescent fingerprint in a sapphire from Sri Lanka. Such healing patterns reveal the underlying atomic symmetry. In this case, the rectangular healing pattern shows that this fingerprint lies parallel to a prism face.
Natural Sapphire •
Sri Lanka (Ceylon) •
Enhancements:
Fissure Filling with colorless Oil/resin (FF-O1) •
Lighting Conditions:
Fiber Optic: Oblique
Photographer:
Richard W. Hughes •
Image Number:
A-001-1061-1
Roedder, E. (1962) Ancient fluids in crystals. Scientific American, Vol. 207, pp. 38–47; RWHL*.
When a rutile-silk containing sapphire (such as this stone from Nigeria) is heated, the titanium from the rutile moves into solid solution in the sapphire, coloring the area around the rutile blue, creating a distinctive “ink spot” internal diffusion pattern.
Natural Sapphire •
Thailand (Siam); Bo Ploi •
Enhancements:
Heat (H) •
Lighting Conditions:
Diffuse Light Field (Transmitted Light)
Photographer:
Richard W. Hughes •
Image Number:
A-001-1022-1
Koivula, J.I. (1987) Internal diffusion. Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 20, No. 7/8, pp. 474–477; RWHL*.
Treatment can alter existing inclusions and produce new microscopic features in sapphire. These may include changes to mineral inclusions, altered rutile silk, tension fractures, healed fissures, residues and other features associated with heating, diffusion, fissure filling and other treatment processes.
Treated Sapphire Inclusion Photomicrographs
The Hyperion treated sapphire gallery includes microscopic features documented in natural sapphires subjected to treatment. Each entry identifies the recorded treatment and is accompanied by descriptive information and, where available, references to the gemological literature.
What Inclusions Can Reveal About Sapphire Treatment
Microscopic examination is an important part of detecting treatment in sapphire. The appearance and alteration of inclusions, fractures and growth features can provide evidence of treatment and, in some cases, information about the processes to which a sapphire has been subjected.
Hyperion combines inclusion photomicrography with supporting gemological information so that treatment-related features can be compared with documented examples in natural sapphire.
About Hyperion
Hyperion is the Lotus Gemology searchable inclusion database. It allows users to browse gemstone inclusions by gem type, geographic origin, treatment and keyword.
